by: Sascha Dueker, WPT Lovebird Conservation Coordinator.
GENETICS, STATUS SURVEY, HUMAN-WILDLIFE CONFLICT AND TRADE IN TANZANIA
As promised in the previous blog, the lovebird journey continues in 2022 with exciting and important projects involving Fischer’s and Masked Lovebirds, the two species well known as companion birds. In August and September, I travelled to Tanzania to collaborate with a local team to collect samples and field data to understand more about the lives of these two charismatic species in the wild and the threats they face.
1. GENETICS AND HYBRIDIZATION
Following on from sampling Black-cheeked and Lilian’s Lovebirds in the Zambezi River basin in southern Africa, we were aiming to collect genetic samples of Fischer’s and Masked Lovebirds, which call eastern Africa their home. Sampling these populations would complete the sampling of all wild populations of the “eye-ring” species. To make this project happen we teamed up with NatureTanzania, Attraction Birds Conservation and the Tanzania BirdAtlas Project who’s support was vital to its success. Such collaboration enabled the composition of a highly specialized research team going on a journey to remote areas in which these birds are found. With huge success! In total over a hundred samples from 9 different populations were taken. Once these samples have been processed in the lab in South Africa, the data will give us a unique opportunity to identify relationships between populations, species and generate insights into the extent of hybridization that occurs due to human impacts on land cover alterations as well as escaped birds from the trade. This work will help understand more about the extent of hybridisation between these two species due to the loss of a natural barrier once separating them. Could there be undescribed lovebird species out there? What will the genetic codes reveal?
Lovebird Conservation Coordinator Sascha Dueker and Michael Jaka from University Dar Es Salaam at a mist net setup to sample Lovebird DNA.
A Fischer's Lovebird already sampled for it's DNA, rung with color identifiable rings, and ready for release back to join it's flock.
2. STATUS SURVEYS AND ECOLOGY
A second aim of the expedition was to collect preliminary information on the conservation status of populations and understand the extent of threats including habitat loss, persecution as a crop pest and capture for the pet trade. Although we were aware that Fischer’s lovebirds are persecuted as crop pests in some areas, the scale and nature of this practice was nevertheless shocking. Fischer's Lovebirds were reported to be persecuted and poisoned in large numbers with pesticides being systematically deployed from airplanes targeting roost sites. We urgently need to find out more on the impacts of this measure for lovebirds and humans living in those areas. In collaboration with Franz Maier, a student at Georg-August University Göttingen, we have initiated data collection of Fischer’s Lovebirds in areas outside the formally protected area network to get an understanding of their numbers, as well as find out more about their ecological requirements and the impact of persecution. This work will follow up on surveys conducted in these areas in 1993 to understand changes over the last three decades.
A pair of Fischer's Lovebirds in a Borassus palm tree in which they were found roosting and nesting.
A pair of Masked Lovebirds perching and resting in the morning sun in the safety of a thorny Acacia tree.
3. HUMAN-WILDLIFE CONFLICT AND TRADE
To understand more about the socio-economic dimensions of conflict between people and lovebirds and seek solutions that benefit both people and nature we are collaborating with Michael Jaka, a student from University Dar Es Salaam. Michael’s project will also look into the scale and scope of capture and trade. In the 1980-90s the Fischer’s Lovebird was one of the globally most caught and exported wild birds for the pet trade but policy measures brought in in the 1990s restricted exports. Since that time no data exists on the extent of capture. The team encountered lovebirds being sold at the roadside on several occasions. Michael will collect further information on these two threats and the ways they intersect in the upcoming weeks.
The initial genetic sampling trip was successful but flagged several conservation concerns which are being investigated further. We would like to express our sincere thanks to all our partners making research and further investigation and protection of these charismatic birds possible. Partners include University Dar Es Salaam, Georg August Universität Göttingen, NatureTanzania, Attraction Birds Conservation, and Tanzania BirdAtlas Project. Funding was provided by Natural Encounters Conservation Fund (NECF), Gesellschaft für Arterhaltende Vogelzucht e.V. (GAV), Gesellschaft für Tropenornithologie e. V. (GTO), African Bid Club (ABC), Lovebird Valentine's Campaign 2022, a generous gift from Pamela Isdell, Swissline Cosmetics, International Foundation for Science and BirdLife International/Good Gifts catalogue. We thank YOU as well as our partners and collaborators for ongoing success.
A pair of wild-caught Masked Lovebirds being illegaly sold at the site of the road.
Fischer's Lovebirds being creative when it comes to getting their food. Even protecting the Sorghum with plastic bottles does not stop these smart birds from getting their afternoon snack.
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Thank you for Showing your Love to Lovebirds!
Last year, many of you showed love for wild lovebirds by supporting WPT’s Valentine’s campaign, raising vital funds for the conservation of these very special birds. These donations underpinned important progress for some of Africa’s most threatened parrots, including the first-ever trial of nest boxes as a conservation tool for wild lovebirds, the launch of a community education and awareness project around Liwonde National Park, and vital research into the genetics of wild lovebird populations. In 2022 we are looking forward to building on these successes in several exciting ways.
Using artificial nest boxes as a conservation tool
Firstly, we were able to set up 60 artificial nest boxes in Malawi, exploring how they can be used to boost breeding populations of some of Africa’s most threatened lovebirds. Nest boxes are an important conservation tool for many threatened parrots, but this is the first time they have been used for lovebirds. These boxes will be monitored throughout 2022 and over the coming years providing information that will guide future conservation efforts. With the breeding season just around the corner, we are now impatiently waiting for news from the field. Stay tuned for updates! Habitat and nest tree loss is a major threat to wild lovebirds in southern Africa and in 2022 we are looking to expand this project to support threatened lovebirds elsewhere. Read more about the 2021 project here.
Encouraging local people and their children to be lovebird protectors
Communities lie at the heart of solutions to address threats to lovebirds such as waterhole poisoning and the loss of nesting trees. In 2021 the World Parrot Trust’s Lovebird Conservation Officer Dr. Tiwonge Gawa and the Wildlife and Environment Society of Malawi initiated a community education and awareness campaign focused around Liwonde National Park. A fun and interactive brochure has been developed, highlighting not only lovebirds but all of Malawi’s parrot species. This brochure is being used in schools to engage children in parrot and wildlife conservation building the next generation of parrot protectors. This project was a huge success with kids being educated in a fun and entertaining way. The programme will be continued in 2022 and plans are afoot to expand and replicate this project in other areas and countries that lovebirds call their homes.
Understanding genetics: A conservation priority
This wasn’t it for 2021: besides setting up artificial breeding boxes and the launch of the education program, Sascha Düker - WPT’s lovebird conservation coordinator - and his team were busy collecting genetic samples of wild lovebirds. Genetic research has been identified as a conservation priority for lovebirds, helping both in situ as well as ex-situ initiatives in multiple ways. Since 8 of the 9 lovebird species hybridize (mate and exchange their genetic material between different species) freely and readily in captivity, we need to find out more about their genetic codes. This information will help understand connectivity between wild populations, identify conservation priorities and inform reintroductions, restoring lovebirds to areas where they have historically been extirpated due to human pressures. In 2021 we launched field expeditions to survey all existing populations of Lilian’s lovebirds (Agapornis lilianae) and Black-cheeked lovebirds (Agapornis nigrigenis). These species can only be found in a few locations in the Zambezi river basin in southern Africa and are considred Vulnerable and Near-threatened on the IUCN red list. Despite the challenges of fieldwork, how amazing is it to tick this work off as being completed in just a year?! Keep an eye out for adventurous tales from the field in an upcoming issue of Psittascene. In 2022 expeditions are planned to sample the two other “white eye-ring” species: A. fischeri and A. personatus in Tanzania. This work will help understand a hybrid population established due to the loss of a natural barrier once separating those species. Could there be undescribed lovebird species out there? What will the genetic codes reveal?
New Fischer's lovebird survey needed; last count was taken in 1993
Working with researchers and conservationists throughout Africa in 2021, Sascha Düker led a process of reviewing the research and conservation priorities for lovebirds in the wild. Despite the popularity of lovebirds as companion birds, surprisingly little is known about their wild relatives. One of the priority actions highlighted by the review is to resurvey the population of Fischer’s lovebirds in Tanzania. Endemic to Tanzania, over half a million individuals of A. fischeri were legally caught and exported between 1980-1990. This dramatic number led to a population survey in 1993 by the IUCN and an end to legal exports. Little is known about how populations have changed in response to conservation measures and environmental changes and repeating this survey is a high priority to understand the current situation for lovebirds in Tanzania, almost 30 years since they were first surveyed!
This work has been possible through collaborations with many other organisations in the region including BirdWatch Zambia, the Wildlife and Environment Society of Malawi, African Parks, the Malawi Universty of Science and Technology and Zambia Wildlife Authority and through the support of WPT's "Show Some Love to Lovebirds" campaign, a generous gift from Pamela Isdell, the Parrot Society UK, Gesellschaft für Tropenornithologie e. V., Swissline cosmetics, International Foundation for Science and BirdLife International/Good Gifts catalogue, and the African Bird Club.
We thank YOU as well as our partners and collaborators for the 2021 success and motivate you to continue with us on this journey in 2022.
There is an incredible amount of important work to be done for lovebirds and we are ready to tackle it!
Click here to learn how you can help support lovebirds in the wild »
The Lovebird Team in the field
WPT Lovebird Conservation Coordinator Sascha Düker up a tree with a nest box
Tamara sampling lovebirds in Liwonde National Park Malawi
Swithin Kashule of BirdWatch Zambia examiing a Lilian’s Lovebird in the field
Lilian’s Lovebird in Zambia
Black-cheeked Lovebird in Zambia